| Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| three-dimensional structure of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor | |||||||||
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| Symbol | GM_CSF | ||||||||
| Pfam | PF01109 | ||||||||
| Pfam clan | CL0053 | ||||||||
| InterPro | IPR000773 | ||||||||
| PROSITE | PDOC00584 | ||||||||
| SCOP | 2gmf | ||||||||
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| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
|---|---|
| Human granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor | |
| Clinical data | |
| Pregnancy cat. | ? |
| Legal status | ? |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 83869-56-1 |
| ATC code | L03AA09 |
| DrugBank | BTD00035 |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C639H1006N168O196S8 |
| Mol. mass | 14434.5 g/mol |
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, often abbreviated to GM-CSF, is a protein secreted by macrophages, T cells, mast cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts.
Contents |
GM-CSF is a cytokine that functions as a white blood cell growth factor. GM-CSF stimulates stem cells to produce granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) and monocytes. Monocytes exit the circulation and migrate into tissue, whereupon they mature into macrophages and dendritic cells. Thus, it is part of the immune/inflammatory cascade, by which activation of a small number of macrophages can rapidly lead to an increase in their numbers, a process crucial for fighting infection. The active form of the protein is found extracellularly as a homodimer.
The human gene has been localized to a cluster of related genes at chromosome region 5q31, which is known to be associated with interstitial deletions in the 5q- syndrome and acute myelogenous leukemia. Genes in the cluster include those encoding interleukins 4, 5, and 13.[1]
Human granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor is glycosylated in its mature form.
GM-CSF is also known as molgramostim or, when the protein is expressed in yeast cells, sargramostim (Leukine).
GM-CSF is used as a medication to stimulate the production of white blood cells following chemotherapy.
GM-CSF has also recently been evaluated in clinical trials for its potential as a vaccine adjuvant in HIV-infected patients. The preliminary results have been promising[2] but GM-CSF is not presently FDA-approved for this purpose.
Leukine is the trade name of sargramostim, recombinant yeast-derived GM-CSF developed at Immunex (now Amgen) and first given to six humans in 1987 as part of a compassionate-use protocol for the victims of the Goiânia cesium irradiation accident.[3] It is currently manufactured by Berlex Laboratories, a subsidiary of Schering AG. Its use was approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration for acceleration of white blood cell recovery following autologous bone marrow transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, acute lymphocytic leukemia, or Hodgkin's disease in March 1991.[3] In November 1996, the FDA also approved sargramostim for treatment of fungal infections and replenishment of white blood cells following chemotherapy.[4]
Berlex funded a study that ran in the May 26, 2005 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine, which concluded that GM-CSF did produce significantly more remissions in Crohn's disease than those having received a placebo in the study, and it also decreased disease severity and improved quality of life.[5]
The study's lead author, Joshua Korzenik of Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, is a paid consultant for Berlex , and co-inventor of the patent, which is owned by Washington University.[6]
GM-CSF is found in high levels in joints with rheumatoid arthritis and blocking GM-CSF may reduce the inflammation or damage. Some drugs (eg MOR103) are being developed to block GM-CSF.[7]
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